谁知道有关thomas hardy现代主义英文的有关内容啊?

谁知道有关thomas hardy现代主义英文的有关内容啊?
谁知道有关thomas hardy现代主义英文的有关内容啊?

谁知道有关thomas hardy现代主义英文的有关内容啊?
《德伯家的苔丝》大家都看过吧?它的伟大作家就是哈代,挺喜欢这个作家的．．．
下面附上他一生的作品．．．应该够全了．．．
托马斯·哈代·生平简介
托马斯·哈代
哈代（1840～1928）英国诗人、小说家.他是横跨两个世纪的作家,早期和中期的创作以小说为主,继承和发扬了维多利亚时代的文学传统；晚年以其出色的诗歌开拓了英国20世纪的文学.
哈代1840年6月2日生于英国西南部的一个小村庄,毗邻多塞特郡大荒原,这里的自然环境日后成了哈代作品的主要背景.他的父亲是石匠,但爱好音乐.父母都重视对哈代的文化教育.1856年哈代离开学校,给一名建筑师当学徒.1862年前往伦敦,任建筑绘图员,并在伦敦大学进修语言,开始文学创作.
哈代的文学生涯开始于诗歌,后因无缘发表,改事小说创作.他的第一部长篇小说《计出无奈》问世于1871年.成名作是他的第四部小说《远离尘嚣》（1874）.从此,他放弃建筑职业,致力于小说创作.
哈代一生共发表了近20部长篇小说,其中最著名的当推《德伯家的苔丝》、《无名的裘德》、《还乡》和《卡斯特桥市长》.诗8集,共918首,此外,还有许多以“威塞克斯故事”为总名的中短篇小说,以及长篇史诗剧《列王》.
哈代的作品反映了资本主义侵入英国农村城镇后所引起的社会经济、政治、道德、风俗等方面的深刻变化以及人民（尤其是妇女）的悲惨命运,揭露了资产阶级道德、法律和宗教的虚伪性.他的作品承上启下,既继承了英国批判现实主义的优秀传统,也为20世纪的英国文学开拓了道路.

VI. Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) the son of a mason. Known as “novels of character and environment”
Main works: 1871 Desperate Remedies
1872 Under the Greenwood Tree
1874 from ...

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VI. Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) the son of a mason. Known as “novels of character and environment”
Main works: 1871 Desperate Remedies
1872 Under the Greenwood Tree
1874 from the Madding Crowd
1891 Tess of the D’ Urbervilles: Tess is a beautiful, innocent peasant girl. The poverty of the family forces her to claim kinship with the sham but rich d’ Urbervilles. Alec, the young master of the d’ Urbervilles, a dandy, seduces Tess and impregnates her. Tess returns home and later gives birth to a baby, who dies soon. People’s opinion forces Tess to leave home to work on a dairy farm. There she meets Angle Clare, son of a clergyman. The two fall in love with each other. On their wedding night, angel makes a confession about his past dissipation and is readily forgiven by Tess, but when Tess reveals her own past. Angel just wouldn’t forgive her and deserts her that very night. Helpless and hopeless, Tess has to wander from place to place, doing the hardest work and bearing the harshest Insult. When her father’s death transfers the whole burden of the family on her, she is forced to go back to Alec, now a preacher. Before long, the repentant Angle returns from abroad. Tess, putting all the blames of her unhappiness on Alec, kills him. She flees with Angle but is caught by the police and hanged.
This novel is one of the best and most popular works by Hardy. It is a fierce attack on the hypocritical morality of the bourgeois society and the capitalist invasion into the country and destruction of the English peasantry towards the end of the century. The Tess as a pure woman brought up with the traditional idea of womanly virtues, is abused and destroyed by both Alec and Angle, agents of the destructive force of the society. And the misery, the poverty and the heartfelt pain she suffers and her final tragedy give rise to a most bitter cry of protest and denunciation of the society.
1896 Jude the Obscure
The Dynasts (a long epic-drama about the Napoleonic Wars.)
The Return of the Native
The Trumpet Major
The Mayor of Casterbridge
The Woodlanders
His works’ characters: he is intellectually advanced the emotionally traditional. In his Wessex novels, there is an apparent nostalgic touch in his description of the simple and beautiful though primitive rural life, which was gradually declining and disappearing as England marched into an industrial country. On the other hand, the immense impact of scientific discoveries and modern philosophic thoughts upon the man is quite obvious. Though Naturalism seems to have played an important part in Hardy’s works, there is also bitter and sharp criticism and even open challenge of the irrational, hypocritical and unfair Victorian institutions, conventions and morals which strangle the individual will and destroy natural human emotions and relationships. the conflicts between the traditional and modern, between the old rural value of respectability and honesty and the new utilitarian commercialism, between the old, false social moral and natural human passion, etc.
I. Modern period: from the second half of the 19th century and the early decades of the 20th century.
II. Background: both natural and social sciences in Europe had enormously advanced. Their rapid development led to great gains in material wealth. But when capitalism came into its monopoly stage, the sharpened contradictions between socialized production and the private ownership caused frequent economic depressions and mass unemployment. The gap between the rich and the poor was further deepened. To crown it all, the catastrophic First World War tremendously weakened the British Empire and brought about great sufferings to its people as well. The postwar economic dislocation and spiritual disillusion produced a profound impact upon the British people, who came to see the prevalent wretchedness in capitalism. The Second World War marked the last stage of the disintegration of the British Empire. Britain suffered heavy losses in the war: thousands of people were killed; the economy was ruined; and almost all its former colonies were lost.
III. Culture background: All these radical changes gave rise to all kinds of philosophical ideas in Western Europe. In the mid-19th century,
a. Karl Marx and Engels put forward the theory of scientific socialism, which not only provided a guiding principle for the working people, but also inspired them to make dauntless fights for their own emancipation.
b. Darwin’s theory of evolution exerted a strong influence upon the people, causing many to lose their religious faith. “survival of the fittest.”
c. Einstein’s theory of relativity provided entirely new ideas for the concepts of time and space.
d. Freud’s analytical psychology drastically altered our conception of human nature.
e. Arthur Schopenhauer, a pessimistic philosopher, started a rebellion against rationalism, stressing the importance of will and intuition.
f. Friedrich Nietzsche went further against rationalism by advocating the doctrines of power and superman and by completely rejecting the Christina morality.
g. Henry Bergson established his irrational philosophy, which put the emphasis on creation, intuition, irrationality and unconsciousness.
h. Modernism rose out of skepticism and disillusion of capitalism.
i. French symbolism, appearing in the late 19th century.
j. After the First World War, all kinds of literary trends of modernism appeared: expressionism, surrealism, futurism, Dadaism, imagism and stream of consciousness.
IV. Modernism: It is a reaction against realism. It rejects rationalism which is the theoretical base of realism; it excludes from its major concern the external, objective, material world, which is the only creative source of realism; by advocating a free experimentation on new forms and new techniques in literary creation, it casts away almost all the traditional elements in literature such as story, plot, character, chronological narration, etc.. which are essential to realism. Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base.
V. Stream of consciousness: in his opinion, the artist, who wants to reach the highest stage and to gain the insights necessary for the creation of dramatic art, should rise to the position of a godlike objectivity; he should have the complete conscious control over the creative process and depersonalize his own emotion in the artistic creation. He should appear as an omniscient author and present unspoken materials directly from the psyche of the characters, or make the characters tell their own inner thoughts in monologues. This literary approach to the presentation of psychological aspects of characters is usually termed as “stream of consciousness”.

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