谁知道黑客历史文化的英文介绍吗我想找想关黑客的历史文化的介绍,而我找的都是中文的,我想找找英文的黑客或黑客文化的介绍.知道的请留下您的答案.

谁知道黑客历史文化的英文介绍吗我想找想关黑客的历史文化的介绍,而我找的都是中文的,我想找找英文的黑客或黑客文化的介绍.知道的请留下您的答案.
谁知道黑客历史文化的英文介绍吗
我想找想关黑客的历史文化的介绍,而我找的都是中文的,我想找找英文的黑客或黑客文化的介绍.知道的请留下您的答案.

谁知道黑客历史文化的英文介绍吗我想找想关黑客的历史文化的介绍,而我找的都是中文的,我想找找英文的黑客或黑客文化的介绍.知道的请留下您的答案.
Hacker is a term used to describe people who use computers.Hacker has multiple meanings.In some programming communities,the term refers to people skilled in computer programming,administration and security with legitimate goals.The word is also used in a derogatory way in some communities to refer to someone who is relatively unskilled in programming.Most people in the popular media and some in the general population use the word hacker to mean what is called in some programming communities a cracker,that is,a someone who partakes in illegal activity or lacks in ethics.

People engaged in circumvention of computer security. This is the oldest meaning of the word hacker in the computer context [2] and initially referred to unauthorized use of the telephone network (phr...

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People engaged in circumvention of computer security. This is the oldest meaning of the word hacker in the computer context [2] and initially referred to unauthorized use of the telephone network (phreaking). Today, it primarily refers to unauthorized remote computer break-ins via a communication networks such as the Internet (black hats), but also includes those who debug or fix security problems (white hats).
A community of enthusiast computer programmers and systems designers, originated in the 1960s around the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)'s Tech Model Railroad Club (TMRC) and MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.[citation needed] This community is notable for launching the free software movement. The World Wide Web and the Internet itself are also hacker artifacts.[3] The Request for Comments RFC 1392 amplifies this meaning as a person who delights in having an intimate understanding of the internal workings of a system, computers and computer networks in particular.
The hobbyist home computing community, focusing on hardware in the late 1970s (e.g. the Homebrew Computer Club[4]) and on software (computer games,[5] software cracking, the demoscene) in the 1980s/1990s. The community included Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Bill Gates and created the personal computing industry.[6]
Today, mainstream usage mostly refers to computer criminals, due to the mass media usage of the word since the 1980s. This includes script kiddies, people breaking into computers using programs written by others, with very little knowledge about the way they work. This usage is so much predominant in the general public that a large segment of it is unaware that different meanings also exist.
This article compares and contrasts the three meanings defined above. There are specific articles about each one of them at Hacker (computer security), Hacker (programmer subculture), and Hacker (hobbyist), respectively. While the use of the word by hobbyist hackers is acknowledged by all three subcultures, and the computer security hackers accept all uses of the word, free software hackers consider the computer intrusion related usage incorrect, and refer to security breakers as “crackers”.
[edit] History
See also: Timeline of computer security hacker history
A timeline of the noun "hack" and etymologically related terms as they evolved in historical English:
c. 1700, originally, "person hired to do routine work," short for hackney "an ordinary horse" (c.1300) later, coach for hire, and taxicab driver (hackie).
Early 20th century: hack is one of many slang terms in use by railroaders for a train's caboose.[8] Subsequent spread of this usage from professional rail workers to model rail hobbyists is likely, but not proven.
1950s: amateur radio enthusiasts defined the term hacking as creatively tinkering to improve performance.
1959: hack is defined in MIT's Tech Model Railroad Club Dictionary as "1) an article or project without constructive end; 2) a project undertaken on bad self-advice; 3) an entropy booster; 4) to produce, or attempt to produce, a hack(3)." hacker is defined as "one who hacks, or makes them." Much of the TMRC's jargon is later imported into early computing culture.
1963: The first recorded reference to hackers in the computer sense is made in The Tech (MIT Student Magazine).[9]
1972: Stewart Brand publishes "S P A C E W A R: Fanatic Life and Symbolic Death Among the Computer Bums" in Rolling Stone, an early piece describing computer culture. In it, Alan Kay is quoted as saying "A true hacker is not a group person. He's a person who loves to stay up all night, he and the machine in a love-hate relationship... They're kids who tended to be brilliant but not very interested in conventional goals[...] It's a term of derision and also the ultimate compliment."
1980: The August issue of Psychology Today prints (with commentary by Philip Zimbardo) "The Hacker Papers", an excerpt from a Stanford Bulletin Board discussion on the addictive nature of computer use.
1982: In the film TRON, Kevin Flynn (Jeff Bridges) describes his intentions to break into ENCOM's computer system, saying "I've been doing a little hacking here". CLU is the software he uses for this.
1983: The movie WarGames, featuring a computer intrusion into NORAD, is released. A gang of 6 teenagers is caught breaking into dozens of computer systems, including that of Los Alamos National Laboratory.[10] Newsweek features the cover story "Beware: Hackers at play."[11] First Usenet post on the use of the term hacker in the media (CBS News) to mean computer criminal.[12] Pressured by media coverage of computer intrusions, Congress begins work on new laws for computer security.[13]
1984: Steven Levy publishes Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution. The book publicizes, and perhaps originates the phrase "Hacker Ethic" and gives a codification of its principles.
1988: Stalking the Wily Hacker, an article by Clifford Stoll appears in the May 1988 issue of the Communications of the ACM and uses the term hacker in the sense of a computer criminal. Later that year, the release by Robert Tappan Morris, Jr. of the so-called Morris worm provoked the popular media to spread this usage.
1989: The Cuckoo's Egg by Clifford Stoll is published, and its popularity further entrenches the term in the public's consciousness

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